Review Of Genesis And The Garden Of Eden - 1440 Words

The beginning of The Bible, it starts out with Pentateuch, which refers to the first five books of the Christian Bible, Pentateuch is a Greek word that means â€Å"five scrolls†, which also refers to the compromise of the Torah. The first five books of The Bible are â€Å"Genesis†, â€Å"Exodus†, â€Å"Job†, â€Å"Psalms†, and â€Å"Song of Songs†. The Hebrews considered Pentateuch as the Torah which also means law because they believed that it was handed down to Moses by God. In each of the books that is in The Bible, there are symbols or signs that God has an agreement with humans but they change throughout the Pentateuch. In â€Å"Genesis†, God forbids Adam and Eve to eat from the fruit trees in The Garden of Eden, but there comes a snake that deceives Eve into eating from the fruit on the tree. The serpent made it seem like God’s request was absurd by rewording what God said. The Garden of Eden is express to be a paradise in literature and art but it also symbolizes the loss of paradise. Happiness and peace will be difficult to find now because they would have to live like a mortal. Adam and Eve will die, endless of work to do, and feel shame like a regular human. They will also be aware nudity and Eve will experience the pain of childbirth. Soon Cain will kill his brother due to overdose on jealously and introduce the world to violence. The fruit from the tree symbolizes temptation and giving into temptation because Eve was tempted to eat from the tree that was banned by God but with a little helpShow MoreRelatedExploring God s Plan For Life On Earth1569 Words   |  7 PagesIt should be noted that the assignment was to review a book from the list in the Syllabus. The book I chose was listed as having been published by Kregel Academic in 2008. The version I obtained was published by Inter-Varsity Press and purchased as an electronic book via Logos Bible Study. The chapter headings and subsections are all the same, so it is my hope that the rest is as well. There may be some variations in content or structure from the other that I am not aware of. The subtitle is different:Read MoreMary Shelley s Frankenstein And The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner1634 Words   |  7 Pages(Anonymous). The immense popularity largely stems from the novel’s connections to literary schools of criticism and several other written pieces. Specifically, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein intertwines with feminist criticism and directly compares to the Genesis creation story, as well as Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.† When on the topic of feminist writing, understanding the time period in which the author’s writing takes place persists as vastly important. Historically speakingRead MoreStudy Questions Essay2492 Words   |  10 PagesQuestions for Review Chapter 3 1.) What levels of meaning can be found in Genesis 1.1-2.4a? From Genesis 1.1-2.4a it can be discerned that God is the creator of all. He created the world and its inhabitants from a vast nothingness. The text reflects upon who God is and what His capabilities are through the act of creation. The verses allow that God is communicating with us. It is communicated what Gods will is for man and gives us a history of our beginnings. From the data provided in theRead MoreThe Dream Of The Rood, Julian Of Norwichs Revelations And Paradise Lost Essay2103 Words   |  9 Pagesand the authors view on religion. â€Å"The Dream of the Rood† tells a Christian story with the importance on basics that would reflect to the pagan warrior society of the Anglo-Saxons. Paradise Lost by Milton came from just a few pages in the Book of Genesis. Also involving Religion Milton was going against the church with the book Paradise Lost. He made Satan look like the good guy or as a Hero and accomplishing what he wanted to do. Last but not least Julian of Norwichs Revelations, was a book aboutRead MoreGospel Essentials : Similarities Between The Catholic And Christian Worldview Of God1018 Words   |  5 PagesEssentials God In this composition, we will talk about Gospel Essentials, it will focus on the defining Christian worldview of God In addition we will explore viewpoints of humanity, Jesus, restoration and study of Christianity. We will conclude with a review of my reflection on the similarities between the Catholic and Christian worldview. The Christian worldview, unlike others, is not only completely clear but consistent when breaking down theological questions such as what is our purpose? Who or whatRead MorePolice Ethics Essay867 Words   |  4 Pagesspelled out punishments for crimes, was followed back as early as 1700 B.C. (Geo Quest, Current Events, 00113492, 10/28/2005, Vol. 105, Issue 8) In the Bibles story of Adam and Eve, God cast Adam and Eve out of the Garden of Eden as a punishment for breaking the rules. (The Holy Bible: Genesis Ch.3) These types of historical records display the fact that law enforcers have always existed. Just as law enforcers have always existed, so have ethi cal issues surrounding the authority exercised by theseRead MoreChristian Worldview Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pagesworldview comes from knowing that the God that created mankind has so much love for it that he sent his only son to die and bear the punishment in place of man so that man would be restored from sin and live an everlasting life with him. This paper will review God, humanity, Jesus, and what Jesus did that restored humanity from sin as outlined in the Christian worldview. God God is something special; without God, man would not exist. According to Hiles (2015), God is the Sovereign Creator. God is composedRead MoreThe 7 Habits Of Highly Effective People2066 Words   |  9 Pagessays in Genesis 1:27-28, â€Å"So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them; †¦. God blessed them and said to them, ‘Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky and over every living creature that moves on the ground† (New International Version). Man was also to tend and take care of the Garden of Eden as written in Genesis 2:15, â€Å"The Lord God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to workRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Environment And Society Essay1738 Words   |  7 Pagesto improve the society and decrease global warming or if this would result in conflicts regarding the Lord’s Second Coming. There are advantages and disadvantages both to having reservoirs, but the effects it has to global warming are critical to review and understand so that decisions can be made in order to do what’s best for society, while understanding God’s plan. Research indicates that reservoirs all over the world create greenhouse gases contributing to global warming. Reservoirs mostly emitRead More The Forgotten Female in the Works of Ernest Hemingway Essay3143 Words   |  13 Pagesmen coming of age. There are few, if any, stories in the canon of women coming of age, however, and Hemingway is not the first to suffer the wrath of feminist critics. But is this wrath justified?    In his dissertation, Mark G. Newton reviews some of the critical literature that places Hemingway within the misogynist genre. Cliches [sic] abound, he says. Hemingway was in search of his manhood (an ignoble quest?); he hated women; he had a death wish and a thin persona; he was

Essay On Classification Of Students - 1095 Words

Folks often study much less quickly with age. However, your degree connected with being familiar with seems to be to boost over the years, navigating information and talents to be able to unprecedented special levels. Folks have lived lengthier, observed and also performed a lot more, contain the trend to be able to web page link its earlier exercises to be able to this kind of factor completely new and also establish completely new thoughts aimed at earlier learning. Thats why it is crucial produce a category with persons that contain linked residing practical knowledge stages, encourage discussion and also discussing, and usually produce a learning local community consisting of folks who is able to tremendously interact. They will need†¦show more content†¦Tutors and also instructors may help its young people discuss concentrates on, yet ultimately it is an liability to cultivate concentrates on and also follow-through with them. It is really quite challenging to execute a challenging grown-up coaching or university plan with no location and also up coming via with goals. Numerous older people coming back again to varsity or registering the first time is likely to obtain classes tremendously more challenging compared to those theyve utilized before or through substantial school. Are going to tried using within challenging courses and will typically be bogged down employing just what they are were required to learn–and also easily they should study it. In addition, young people have to take care of a new selection complications clear of category, these kinds of regarding example connection, relatives or performance problems. It is really crucial that you be open-minded as soon as returning to college. You will definitely make complications, and also it does not matter your current plans expertise, your current educators might be a lot more proficient in the topics that they teach than you may be. Therefore, you ought to be really open in educat ion and also passionatelyShow MoreRelatedClassification Essay Students682 Words   |  3 PagesBeing a student in today’s society holds an immense amount of pressure to do one thing: graduate. Thirteen years of school prepare students for the next major steps of their lives. Every student faces many struggles and frustrations before graduation day arrives. One may be able to surmise a few details about a student before they put pencil to paper or even speak. One can also make assumptions about a student based on his or her seating position. Motivation, determination, and concentration willRead MoreEssay on Classification of Gifted and Talented Students3644 Words   |  15 PagesClassification of Gifted and Talented Students Many people have varying views on what classifies a student as gifted and talented. According to the Office of Gifted and Talented, six qualities determine giftedness. These qualities are intellectual ability as well as talent, scoring in the 97th percentile and above on aptitude tests, creative thinking, leadership ability, talents in the fine arts, and psychomotor abilities. Using the definition supplied by Bruce User, â€Å"a school system couldRead MoreHow to Write Good Essey1042 Words   |  5 Pages | |COURSE OUTLINE | |ESSAY WRITING | | Read MoreThe Map of Art History Uses Order and Classification by Listing of Fields, Library System, and Plotting in Space and Time1053 Words   |  5 PagesThe Map of Art History essay is about how art history uses disciplines in societies to represents itself through order and classification. From many observations and theories it considers three subject: first is the listing of fields in art history, second is the library system is for categorizing art books, and third is the plotting of space and time in art history from survey texts. Also in the discussion the writer talks about the geography of art history such as where does the idea appear fromRead MoreEssay on Hearts R Us Preferred Stock Classification Solution1402 Words   |  6 PagesRead and Download PDF File Hearts R Us Preferred Stock Classification Solution HEARTS R US PREFERRED STOCK CLASSIFICATION SOLUTION Download: HEARTS R US PREFERRED STOCK CLASSIFICATION SOLUTION PDF There are many free Hearts R Us Preferred Stock Classification Solution that are continually composed and archived in our online collection. If you want Hearts R Us Preferred Stock Classification Solution that will please your research paper requires, then you put on not should to worry about that toRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Alexander Pope s An Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesAn essay is, generally, a piece of writing that gives the author s own argument — but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of an article, a pamphlet, and a short story. Essays have traditionally been sub-classified as formal and informal. Formal essays are characterized by serious purpose, dignity, logical organization, length, whereas the informal essay is characterized by the personal element (self-revelation, individual tastes and experiences, confidential manner), humor, gracefulRead MoreReading The Book Real Essays With Readings 4th Edition By Susan Anker1741 Words   |  7 PagesThis semester our class is reading the book titled, Real Essays with Readings 4th Edition by Susan Anker. This book will help college students with writing for Success in College, Work, and Everyday Life. I do highly recommend this school book for other College or High School studen ts that would like help with writing or reading. It will help many students in which case they cannot read or write well. The book can be found in your local bookstore or even at your town library. The first part of theRead MoreEssays994 Words   |  4 Pagesfive-paragraph essay Main article: Five paragraph essay Some students first exposure to the genre is the five paragraph essay, a highly structured form requiring an introduction presenting the thesis statement; three body paragraphs, each of which presents an idea to support the thesis together with supporting evidence and quotations; and a conclusion, which restates the thesis and summarizes the supporting points. The use of this format is controversial. Proponents argue that it teaches students how toRead MoreDirectives And Regulations Are Forms Of Secondary Eu Legislation1262 Words   |  6 Pagespressing social need or to pursue a legitimate aim. Some human rights must be qualified to provide flexibility in the law to deal with unique situations. (OU, 2017b, 2.1). 2a) †¢ Introduction - Importance of the court system and the different classifications. †¢ Paragraph 1 – U6 – 7.1/U10 – 3.2 - Definition of courts of first instance and examples. - Magistrates Courts/Judges †¢ Paragraph 2 – U10 – 2.3 - County Courts †¢ Paragraph 3 – U6 – 7.1 - Appellate Courts - Supreme Court †¢ Paragraph 4 –U10 –Read MorePurpose Of Me Writing This Portfolio979 Words   |  4 Pagestypes of essays the first one is going to be a timed essay the one I am going to put in of the timed essay is going to be my classification timed essay I did this semester. So you can see the growth I made this semester and the difference in my writing when it comes to a timed essay and a regular essay. The second essay I am going to put it in is a teacher edited essay and the name of that essay is called â€Å" What A True Friend Means To Me.† The last essay I am going to put in my essay is a student edit

The Song and Dance Man Free Essays

Nicole Leroy Instructor Michelle Hudgens English 250 10 October 2012 The Song and Dance Man I choose the book The Song and Dance Man. This book was one of my favorites as a child. It was written by Karen Ackerman and illustrated by Stephen Gammell. We will write a custom essay sample on The Song and Dance Man or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Song and Dance Man received the Caldecott Medal in 1989. The story is about grandchildren coming to visit their grandparents. The grandpa decided to show his grandchildren his past life as a song and dance man and what people did for entertain long before television. The theme of the story is that family is more important than being famous. He shows them that he appreciates his past but loves the life he currently has. The grandpa shows throughout the story how much he loves and cherishes his time with his grandchildren. He also shares with them his former life as a song and dance man on the vaudeville stage and what people use to do for entertainment. In the attic, the grandchildren see the posters of grandpa from the past realizing that he was once a famous dancer and entertainer. The underlying message is that it is important to stay young at heart. Grandpa danced away even though he had to cushion the corns on his feet. In the story, the grandpa says, â€Å"I wonder if my tap shoes still fit? † all while he is smiling, knowing that the shoes will still fit. The grandpa shows the children that it is ok to make believe and use your imagination to have a good time by sharing his dancing and magic tricks. The grandchildren get to explore their own creativity by trying on old clothes pretending, singing and dancing their selves. The story is told from the point of view of the grandchildren. You can feel the admiration, respect, and love that they have for their grandfather. As the grandchildren watch their grandpa, they clap their hands and call out â€Å"Yay, Grandpa! † This sets the light-hearted, fun, loving mood and tone of the story. The language used by the narrator is calm, loving, with lots of excitement and amazement when grandpa begins to dance and becomes a different person, the song and dance man. The narrator shows his amazement when he says that the sounds coming from the shoes is too many to be made with only two feet. The children see their grandpa as a different person when he becomes the song and dance man. When they travel up the steps to the attic it is like they are going back in time. In the story it says, â€Å"We forget that it is grandpa dancing, and all we can hear is the silvery tap of two feet, and all we can see is song and dance man gliding across a vaudeville stage. Occasionally during his performance, he becomes grandpa again when he tries to cure the hiccups of one of the grandchildren. Then he is back to performing telling jokes and playing tricks. The performance is over, he puts the shoes and clothes back in the trunk and heads for the stairway and he is grandpa again. When the children come back down stairs he whispers, â€Å"He wouldn’t trade a million good days for the days he spends with us. † The silver half-moon tap shoes, top hats, and bow ties all symbolize grandpa’s past as an entertainer before he became a husband, father, and grandfather. The posters still hung in the attic shows his love of the past. When they return down stairs, grandpa glances back up the steps it symbolizes his appreciation and fondness of his past life as a song and dance man. The illustrator used many colors in a light, pastel in nature. The use of light instead of bright colors seems to set the stage for happy, calm, and relaxing setting. Two of the main colors used by the illustrator are red and yellow. These colors give a feeling of warmth, cheerfulness, and excitement. Some of the pictures have a lot of blue. The blue seems to represent the calm, serenity of the setting. The pictures have a lot of texture through the picture marts because they draw with some sort of colored pencils. The use of colored pencils helps add to the youthful, light heartedness, and fun of the story. Shading shows is used to show depth and at time darkness at the edge of the lighted areas. The illustrator used of lots of empty space in the pictures to show quiet, serene time. For example, at the beginning of the story, before the children arrived, the illustrations are small and do not take up the whole page. Later in the story when the grandpa is dancing, the pages are full of color and pictures to show excitement, movement of grandpa’s performance. The illustrator used many lines around characters and objects to show that they are moving. He used lots of lines, sometimes in a zig zag form, to show fast quick motions like when grandpa is dancing or tossing objects into the air. He used fewer lines to show slower movements and no lines to show lack of movement. The objects in the picture are random and tilted in places to show the relaxed nature of the environment at the grandparents’ house. In the end of the story, the grandpa and grandchildren returned down the stairs, back to present time, where grandma has dinner ready. He hugs his grandchildren showing them that even though he loved his song and dance life, he loves his grandchildren more. He would not trade them for no amount of fame. How to cite The Song and Dance Man, Essay examples

Mrsa Control Policy of Ireland-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Critically Analyse a current policy to control MRSA within a chosen locale. You could choose to consider a Country, city or local Community Policy. You should Comment on the Impact that the policy has had and offer Suggestions for Improvements. Answer: Introduction Staphylococcus aureus lives harmlessly on the skin or in the nose of a normal healthy person. S. aureus causes infections in hospitals as well as in community patients that range from boils or infected eczema to severe infections like surgical site infections, bacteraemia, among others (Now 2012). Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a Gram-positive bacterium. MRSA is resistant to a wide variety of antibiotics. It is genetically different from various other strains of Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA can cause several complicated diseases that can range from skin infections to sepsis, pneumonia and other bloodstream infections. MRSA is highly prevalent in hospitals, nursing homes, where individuals with open wounds or provide with invasive devises like catheters or immunocompromised individuals are at a high risk of acquiring the nosocomial infection (Verkade, Ferket and Kluytmans 2014). The treatment of MRSA is difficult because it is resistant to most of the antibiotics. MRSA was first discovered in 1961 and it is found to be resistant to methicillin, penicillin, amoxicillin, oxacillin, among others (Jacobs 2014). In hospitals, MRSA can be prevented by isolating the infected individuals and keeping them in isolation. Healthcare workers and visitors are required to wear gloves, masks and other personal protective equipments. Moreover, it is also necessary to properly disinfect contaminated surfaces and infected patient laundry items (Seibert et al. 2014). This report describes the policy titled Prevention and Control Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (National Clinical Effectiveness Committee 2013). The clinical advisory group of the Royal College of Physicians Ireland (RCPI) developed this National clinical guideline. The report carries out a clinical analysis of the policy and provides necessary recommendations for improvement. Prevalence and incidence rates of MRSA MRSA is not only limited to acute care hospitals but a high prevalence is also found amongst the staff and residents of a long-term care facility, thereby making such facilities a natural reservoir for these deadly organisms. The prevalence of MRSA among the residents of the long -term care facilities ranged from 1.1% in Germany to about 20% in the United Kingdom and 30% in the United States. An 8.6% prevalence rate was reported from Irish nursing homes in the year 2000. There were vast differences in the rates of colonization ranging from 0-73% in the long-term care facilities. The rates of colonization was dependant on various factors like the prevalence of MRSA in the healthcare facilities, the colonized resident population like the patients as well as the staff and the prevention or treatment practices carried out in the healthcare facilities. Antibiotic use has been found to be associated with MRSA colonization. Percentage of MRSA carriage was reported to be ranging between 47% and 65%, of which 19-25% showed transient carriage and 9-23% showed intermittent carriage. Colonization of the patients in nursing homes was associated with higher mortality rates in Belgium. A longitudinal study carried out in UK revealed that incidence of MRSA was associated with previous or subsequent infections of MRSA, but was not associated with hospital admissions or mortality (National Clinical Effectiveness Committee 2013). A prevalence study in 2006 revealed that out of the 7541 patients of the Republic of Ireland surveyed, 369 had healthcare associated infections, of which 37 had MRSA. MRSA surveillance in the hospital ICUs of Ireland revealed that 2.9-21.2% of the patients were colonized with MRSA. There were 1240 number of reported blood stream infections in Ireland of which 33.9% had MRSA. The incidence of MRSA in Ireland, although was found to be low it was still found to be significantly higher than other European countries (Www.pfizer.ie, 2017). Key components of the policy The policy titled Prevention and Control of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) National Clinical Guideline was formulated by the clinical advisory group of the Royal College of Physicians Ireland (RCPI). The key components of the policy included the precautions associated with the importance of hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, respiratory hygiene or coughing manners, maintenance of safety and disposal of sharps, management of blood and other body fluid spills, proper disinfection of patient clothing and other infected laundry, maintenance of environmental hygiene, disinfection of other medical devices, isolation of infected patients, movement and transfer, carrying out practices related to safe injection and practices related to infection control in association with lumbar punctures. The policy also provided information about treatment and importance of surveillance measures. Critical analysis The policy at first provides definitions for MRSA. The policy was generated keeping in mind the healthcare officials involved responsible for the care of patients or other residents or clients at risk of contracting MRSA or already having MRSA. The policy targeted the healthcare workers of the acute care hospitals, nursing homes, long-term care facilities, among others. The healthcare workers include medical practitioners, nurses or midwives, biomedical scientists, pharmacists, among others. The policy defines the emergence of community acquired MRSA. The aim of the policy was to provide effective prevention or control measures against MRSA in order to improve care of patients, minimize the patient mortality and morbidity rates and also to minimize the healthcare costs in association with MRSA. The objectives of the policy was to enhance and further bring about improvements in the control and prevention of MRSA, to improve patient care by reducing MRSA infections related to surgical site infections, respiratory tract, joint and bone infections, to improve antibiotic usage in association with MRSA infections and to raise awareness about healthcare associated infections among the healthcare professional and the public regarding appropriate measures of control and prevention, standard precautions and the importance of such implementations. Prevention measures Screening The policy describes the roles of the infection prevention and control team and other officials in the control and prevention of MRSA in Ireland. These measures include effective screening strategies. It describes the importance of early detection to control the MRSA infections. Screening was linked to isolation of patients and carrying out contact precaution measures (Huang et al. 2013). These help to prevent the transmission of MRSA, which spread by direct or indirect contact with a patient or the infected environment of the patient (Otter et al. 2013). The policy also describes that successful detection of MRSA carriages was based on the type of laboratory methods used, the nature of the samples, time when the samples are obtained and on the frequency of patient screening. The policy also provides the details of the patients likely to get screened. These include patients who had previous MRSA infections or are getting readmitted in acute care, patients admitted from one hospital t o another, patients who spent the last six months in acute or long term care settings, patients who had been transferred from a hospital situated in some other country, patients with ulcers, wounds, endoscopic gastronomy tubes, central nervous system and urinary catheters, patients undergoing medium or high risk surgeries, patients in intensive care units and special baby care units, patients provided with renal dialysis and healthcare officials who are in direct contact with patients (Zimlichman et al. 2013). Prevention in acute settings Other measures include infection control and prevention measures in acute and non acute hospital environments, in neonates and obstetrics, in community, eradication of MRSA carriages, antimicrobial stewardship and occupational health aspects in association with MRSA. Control and prevention measures in acute care settings were defined and these were contact isolation, cohorting of patients, hand hygiene, cleaning of the environment, active surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship (Calfee et al. 2014). It also describes the role of the healthcare professional in preventing overcrowding of patients and maintenance of adequate staffing. It also defines the importance of staff education and training programs. The policy also described the importance of the moments of hand hygiene. The hand hygiene guidelines included washing hands before and after patient contact, before carrying out an aseptic procedure, after contact with surroundings of patients, which may include body fluid spillage s (Chou, Achan and Ramachandran 2012). The policy also describes that the patients and visitors to carry out effective hand hygiene. Risk management was described by the use of personal protective equipments. The use of personal protective equipment is determined by the nature of the intervention, risk of exposure to body fluids including blood and the risk of contaminating skin and clothes. Proper disinfection of patient rooms, medical devices in contact with the patients and patient clothing or infectious waste substances needs to be carried out. Prevention in non-acute settings Non-acute health care centers include adult care centers, homeless centers or special schools, nursing homes, residential homes and mental care facilities. Prevention and control measures in non-acute settings involved the use of personal protective equipments and hand hygiene (Mody et al. 2015). Moreover, educating the staff about the standard screening and precautionary measures are also important. The policy describes the importance of educating the staff about invasive devices like tracheostomies, urinary catheters, among others. At homes, the precautionary guidelines mentioned were proper hand washing before and after touching of wounds, care-givers should wash their hands after contact with the infected person, use of disposable gloves, covering of cuts in the skin, disinfection of linen and cleaning of patient environment (Traverse and Aceto 2015). Prevention of neonate MRSA Neonates are at a high risk of contracting MRSA and need to be screened. The recommended site for cleaning of the neonates includes the umbilical site. On the context of detection of MRSA carriage among antenatal pregnant women, decolonization is recommended, which involves the topical use of nasal mupirocin. A lactating mother with MRSA mastitis, is recommended to carry out breast feeding and subsequently receive antibiotic therapy. Antibiotic therapy is recommended for neonates having MRSA colonization (Shrem et al. 2016). Prevention of community associated MRSA The characteristics of community associated MRSA include that the isolate should be confirmed as MRSA, patients with community associated MRSA usually reside within the community and have no associated risk factors, they are usually resistant to beta lactam antibiotics, while remaining susceptible to other antibiotics. Such patients usually have skin and other infections of the soft tissues. They can also contract pneumonia. Community associated MRSA is usually caused by Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette (SCC) mec types IV and V (Stefani et al. 2012). The normal sites recommended for the screening of community associated MRSA include the nostrils, skin lesions, throat, among others. The prevention strategies recommended involves carrying out hand hygiene, avoiding the use of contaminated razors, brushes, clothing and water bottles, covering of skin lesions, among others (Skov et al. 2012). The treatment recommended involves incision and drainage of surgical site infections, antibio tic therapy like the use of doxycycline, cotrimoxazole. Antibiotic therapy for surgical site infections involve the use of linezolid, clindamycin, daptomycin, among others. In severe cases, adjunctive therapy like administration of intravenous immunoglobulin can be carried out (Mantero et al. 2017). Decolonization MRSA decolonization refers to the use of systemic or topical agents for eradicating a carriage. This is carried out to prevent the spread of infection among patients. One study reported significant reduction of nosocomial MRSA infections in intensive care units was found to be caused by the use of Mupirocin along with Chlorhexidine. Another study reported that the use of Mupirocin delayed the infection but did not reduce the risk. MRSA decolonization among neonates also involves the use of Mupirocin (Fritz et al. 2013). Antibiotic Stewardship The policy claims that the prolonged use of broad spectrum antibiotics should be avoided. The policy recommends the healthcare institutions in Ireland to implement the strategies recommended in the Strategy for the Control of Antimicrobial Resistance in Ireland (SARI 2009) (Www.hpsc.ie, 2017). The policy recommends the implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs in long term care giving facilities. It also advices the consultation with a microbiologist or a infectious disease specialist before providing antimicrobial therapy for MRSA treatment, avoiding the use of antibiotics like cephalosporins, fluroquinolones and macrolides, which are known to be associated with MRSA selection and or resistance and avoiding the use of topical therapies for treatment of superficial skin infections (Kim et al. 2013). Prevention of occupational health MRSA Occupational health staff provides protection, promotion and maintenance of employee health in a healthcare organization. Their role is to reduce the infection transmission to and from healthcare workers by carrying out best practices in a legal manner. The four components that define an effective occupational health program include risk assessment and control, evaluation and education. The healthcare workers are advised to seek help from occupational health workers. The occupational health staff are required to identify healthcare workers showing MRSA risk factors and are required to provide education regarding risks in the workplace. The occupational health staff assess the healthcare workers based on their illness, MRSA risk factors, colonization sites, previous infection history, among others (Aw, Gardiner and Harrington 2013). Treatment and Surveillance The policy also provides management recommendations for MRSA, which include treatment and prophylaxis. Treatments include the use of linezolid, vancomycin and daptomycin. Administration of an intravenous glycopeptides is recommended for treatment of patients with life threatening MRSA infections (Sader, Flamm and Jones 2013). Surveillance involves the reporting of blood stream infections to the health protection surveillance center (HPSC), maintenance of records of MRSA cases, which includes patient identification, specimen and MRSA isolation site, date of positive results, hospital ward name and date of admission. Although the policy provides information about necessary precaution strategies as well as treatment and surveillance, it does not address the issues regarding to antibiotic resistance in other sectors apart from healthcare like the agricultural sectors (Vandendriessche et al. 2013). The policy also does not address the challenges associated with the development of new drugs and the potential consequences associated with laboratory modernization. Barriers and Facilitators There are some barriers that will impact the full implementation of the policy. Most of the measures provided are cost neutral since it is a modification of the previous policy with the addition of some measures. Most of the recommended measures like hand hygiene are common but there are other measures, which are specific and can give rise to resource implications. Significant numbers of acute care settings lack isolation rooms, microbiology laboratories and antimicrobial experts. The healthcare professionals do not understand their responsibilities in the prevention of infection control. The facilitators involve enabling the healthcare professionals to understand and appreciate the policy guidelines for the sake of patient care and safety. Increased awareness of the patients and the demands raised by them for obtaining high quality care can act as facilitators of the implementation of the policy. Describing the barriers associated with the implementation can also act as a facilitato r (National Clinical Effectiveness Committee 2013). Recommendations The recommendations to the policy involves the addition of information regarding the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. Providing information about the mechanisms will help to educate the healthcare professionals and the general public about the necessary causes. It will also help them to device precaution strategies based on the mechanism. The policy only describes MRSA infection prevention in various types of healthcare settings, but MRSA can also arise in agricultural or farming sectors and can result in the transfer of infections between humans and animals. MRSA control and prevention strategies regarding the agricultural sector should also be provided in the policy. The policy should also address the challenges associated with the development of new drugs, provide details about the various ways by which the healthcare professionals can be educated about MRSA control and prevention and provide the evidence of the cost effectiveness of the prevention measures described. Conclusion MRSA is a growing concern in the hospital as well as in community based settings. MRSA can give rise to serious consequences and increase the mortality rates. This report describes the policy regarding MRSA control and prevention as developed by the clinical advisory board of the Royal College of Physicians Ireland. The aim of the policy is to provide control and prevention measures regarding MRSA in order to improve quality of patient care and reduce patient mortality, morbidity rates and healthcare costs. The policy also aims to raise awareness about hospital-acquired infections, the standard precautionary measures and their importance. The control and prevention measures include various recommendations regarding screening, acute and non-acute hospital settings, neonate MRSA, community MRSA, decolonization, antimicrobial stewardship and occupational health characteristics of MRSA. The policy also provides information about treatment and prophylaxis, surveillance and evaluation. Thu s, it can be concluded that this policy contributes in increasing the knowledge of healthcare professionals about the necessary guidelines and their importance in preventing MRSA spread. Reference List Aw, T.C., Gardiner, K. and Harrington, J.M., 2013.Occupational health: Pocket consultant. John Wiley Sons. Calfee, D.P., Salgado, C.D., Milstone, A.M., Harris, A.D., Kuhar, D.T., Moody, J., Aureden, K., Huang, S.S., Maragakis, L.L. and Yokoe, D.S., 2014. Strategies to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission and infection in acute care hospitals: 2014 update.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,35(S2), pp.S108-S132. Chou, D.T.S., Achan, P. and Ramachandran, M., 2012. The World Health Organization 5 Moments of Hand Hygiene.J Bone Joint Surg Br,94(4), pp.441-445. Fritz, S.A., Hogan, P.G., Camins, B.C., Ainsworth, A.J., Patrick, C., Martin, M.S., Krauss, M.J., Rodriguez, M. and Burnham, C.A.D., 2013. Mupirocin and chlorhexidine resistance in Staphylococcus aureus in patients with community-onset skin and soft tissue infections.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy,57(1), pp.559-568. Huang, S.S., Septimus, E., Kleinman, K., Moody, J., Hickok, J., Avery, T.R., Lankiewicz, J., Gombosev, A., Terpstra, L., Hartford, F. and Hayden, M.K., 2013. Targeted versus universal decolonization to prevent ICU infection.New England Journal of Medicine,368(24), pp.2255-2265. Jacobs, A., 2014. Hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: status and trends.Radiologic technology,85(6), pp.623-648. Kim, Y.C., Kim, M.H., Song, J.E., Ahn, J.Y., Oh, D.H., Kweon, O.M., Lee, D., Kim, S.B., Kim, H.W., Jeong, S.J. and Ku, N.S., 2013. Trend of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia in an institution with a high rate of MRSA after the reinforcement of antibiotic stewardship and hand hygiene.American journal of infection control,41(5), pp.e39-e43. Mantero, M., Tarsia, P., Gramegna, A., Henchi, S., Vanoni, N. and Di Pasquale, M., 2017. Antibiotic therapy, supportive treatment and management of immunomodulation-inflammation response in community acquired pneumonia: review of recommendations.Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine,12(1), p.26. Mody, L., Krein, S.L., Saint, S., Min, L.C., Montoya, A., Lansing, B., McNamara, S.E., Symons, K., Fisch, J., Koo, E. and Rye, R.A., 2015. A targeted infection prevention intervention in nursing home residents with indwelling devices: a randomized clinical trial.JAMA internal medicine,175(5), pp.714-723. National Clinical Effectiveness Committee, 2013. Prevention and control methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) national clinical guideline No. 2. Now, M.M., 2012. Skin and soft-tissue infections: classifying and treating a spectrum.Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine,79(1), p.57. Otter, J.A., Yezli, S., Salkeld, J.A. and French, G.L., 2013. Evidence that contaminated surfaces contribute to the transmission of hospital pathogens and an overview of strategies to address contaminated surfaces in hospital settings.American journal of infection control,41(5), pp.S6-S11. Sader, H.S., Flamm, R.K. and Jones, R.N., 2013. Antimicrobial activity of ceftaroline tested against staphylococci with reduced susceptibility to linezolid, daptomycin or vancomycin from USA hospitals (20082011).Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, pp.AAC-00484. Seibert, D.J., Speroni, K.G., Oh, K.M., DeVoe, M.C. and Jacobsen, K.H., 2014. Preventing transmission of MRSA: a qualitative study of health care workers attitudes and suggestions.American journal of infection control,42(4), pp.405-411. Shrem, G., Egozi, T., Naeh, A., Hallak, M. and Walfisch, A., 2016. Pre-cesarean Staphylococcus aureus nasal screening and decolonization: a prospective randomized controlled trial.The Journal of Maternal-Fetal Neonatal Medicine,29(23), pp.3906-3911. Skov, R., Christiansen, K., Dancer, S.J., Daum, R.S., Dryden, M., Huang, Y.C. and Lowy, F.D., 2012. Update on the prevention and control of community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA).International journal of antimicrobial agents,39(3), pp.193-200. Stefani, S., Chung, D.R., Lindsay, J.A., Friedrich, A.W., Kearns, A.M., Westh, H. and MacKenzie, F.M., 2012. Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): global epidemiology and harmonisation of typing methods.International journal of antimicrobial agents,39(4), pp.273-282. Traverse, M. and Aceto, H., 2015. Environmental cleaning and disinfection.Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice,45(2), pp.299-330. Vandendriessche, S., Vanderhaeghen, W., Soares, F.V., Hallin, M., Catry, B., Hermans, K., Butaye, P., Haesebrouck, F., Struelens, M.J. and Denis, O., 2013. Prevalence, risk factors and genetic diversity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carried by humans and animals across livestock production sectors.Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy,68(7), pp.1510-1516. Verkade, E., Ferket, M. and Kluytmans, J., 2014. methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.MRSA CC398,60, p.51. Www.hpsc.ie (2017).Strategy for the control of Antimicrobial Resistance in Ireland (SARI) - Health Protection Surveillance Centre. [online] Hpsc.ie. Available at: https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/microbiologyantimicrobialresistance/strategyforthecontrolofantimicrobialresistanceinirelandsari/ [Accessed 25 Nov. 2017]. Www.pfizer.ie (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.pfizer.ie/UserFiles/File/news_releases/MRSA_Report_FINAL.pdf [Accessed 25 Nov. 2017]. Zimlichman, E., Henderson, D., Tamir, O., Franz, C., Song, P., Yamin, C.K., Keohane, C., Denham, C.R. and Bates, D.W., 2013. Health careassociated infections: a meta-analysis of costs and financial impact on the US health care system.JAMA internal medicine,173(22), pp.2039-2046.

Mbaar free essay sample

Through a series of well-coordinated mergers and the growth of a vast selection of innovative food products, Nestle became the global giant it is today. Nestle’s success can be attributed to its deep agricultural supply chain, strong local market teams, hiring from within, and long tenured CEOs. Nestle has become the epitome of innovation and success in the retail food product industry. In 1996 Nestle established the Nestle Environmental Management System (NEMS) in an attempt to produce more environmentally friendly products. NEMS required innovative eco-design in the company’s products and activities, and gave preference to suppliers who worked to improve their levels of efficiency and sustainability regarding their use of resources. Aside from this, NEMS also requires independent environmental auditing regarding the practices of the company. In addition, environmental awareness training for the employees and business partners is required. Nestle launched Sustainable Agriculture Initiative Nestle (SAIN) in 2000 in order to optimize the transparency from farm-to-table and to increase efficiency and productivity. We will write a custom essay sample on Mbaar or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nestle took a big risk as it was the first to implement this type of program. The program was effective, and other companies such as Unilever and Groupe Danone adopted the idea. In 2006 it further expanded the program to make water a central area of concentration. Five Forces Model Porter’s Five Forces Model was created to act as a framework for industry analysis and business strategy development. Porter singled out five different forces that impact competitive intensity which portrays an image of the overall attractiveness and profitability of a market. To aid in our evaluation of Nestle and its status in the industry, we will apply Porter’s Five Forces Model to the company. Threat of New Entrants The food processing industry is very large and competitive; it is not uncommon for firms within the industry to do quite well. As a result, many companies enter into the market every year in an attempt to gain a portion of the profitable market. Luckily for Nestle, the company has been around for over a century and boasts a long history of quality products and consumer satisfaction, which has allowed the company to obtain a considerable share of the market. As a result, new entrants into the industry must attempt to seize a portion of Nestle’s market share in order to survive. Essentially, Nestle is constantly a target, and so the threat of new entrants is moderate. Threat of Substitute Goods Due to the nature of the industry, Nestle is beset with the threat of substitute goods. From bottled water to lean pockets, there are arrays of similar products that compete directly with Nestle. It is vital for Nestle to continuously find new ways to improve its products because competition is so fierce. In recent years, Nestle has focused on the health and wellness aspects of its products to maintain its competitive edge in the market. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Nestle prides itself on creating and maintaining positive relationships with its suppliers all over the world. Due to the large purchasing power of Nestle, and because the suppliers of agricultural commodities offer a product that is far from unique, Nestle holds more bargaining power than its suppliers. Aside from this, Nestle prefers to create and preserve long-term relationships with its suppliers as this helps to ensure the quality of the raw materials being purchased. In addition, Nestle also offers useful advice to its suppliers on how to perform more efficiently to minimize unnecessary costs. Bargaining Power of Customers Customers have a large amount of bargaining power regarding their consumption of Nestle products. As stated previously, there are close substitutes for Nestle products which allows for the preferences of the customer to be very influential. Nestle understands the power of the customer and has taken specific steps to meet the needs of its products consumers. Specifically, Nestle is incorporating health and wellness into the creation of its products as society has started becoming more health conscious. Competitive Rivalry within the Industry Nestle is a powerhouse in the food processing industry but so are Kraft Foods and Groupe Danone. These companies, among others, are in a constant and continuous battle to outperform one another. Regarding advertising alone, these companies spend hundreds of millions of dollars in an attempt to appear more desirable than the competition. Rivalry is fierce in the food processing industry, and this is a good thing for consumers. As long as these companies continue striving to one up one another, consumers will continue to enjoy ever- improving product lines. - When applied to Nestle, Porter’s â€Å"Five Forces Model† depicts a competitive, but profitable market for the food processing industry. Furthermore, the model places Nestle in a somewhat comfortable position within the food processing industry, while acknowledging the threats to its market share. Specifically, the model notes a moderate threat of new entrants into the market and a substantial threat of substitute goods. In addition, the model shows that Nestle tends to maintain the upper hand over its suppliers as commodities have exact substitutes in the market. Also, customers have a considerable amount of bargaining power, as Nestle must adhere to consumer wants and needs because there are so many close substitutes. For the final force, the model depicts a large amount of rivalry within the food processing industry. - Goals - Nestle has established many goals throughout the life of its company. Being a highly innovative company, it is always looking for new ways to develop higher quality products. In order to maintain a competitive edge over top competitors, Nestle should improve its innovative technology; this will create new products and lead to better efficiency which will minimize costs for Nestle and its consumers. Another goal is to maintain growth by continuing to create value for consumers and shareholders through implementing an effective risk management policy. This can be done by ensuring compliance with Nestle business principles and international law. In addition, Nestle will ensure that its actions are environmentally sound, socially just, and economically viable. Lastly, it should continue to uphold and expand environmental policies (i. e. SAIN, NEMS). This will be done by improving the communication between farmers, employees, managers, and distributors. - Constraints - There are a few pertinent constraints that will affect the implementation of the goals. First, is the loss of brand loyalty due to the current economic recession. With a strain on household incomes, Nestle consumers are more likely to choose less costly and lower quality alternative products from generic brands of competitors. Nestle must improve its certification process of raw materials to meet higher quality standards. An accurate trail of material/product quality information through the various levels of the food chain is key to Nestle maintaining the overall quality of Nestle end-products. The last constraint is the increasing cost of energy, which affects all levels of input, production, and distribution. - Nestle is constantly expanding its horizons. One example is that the company has taken on an ambitious task such as doubling sales and expanding its buyer market. As stated above Nestle continues to search for opportunities to increase efficiency to expand its profitability. With the ever-changing price of commodities, supplies, and consumer tastes, Nestle will continue to struggle with its market position. Nestle has stayed strong and adjusted well through many obstacles over its lifetime. Nestle’s executives are confident they can accomplish just about any goal and are developing new strategies to make this happen. Central Problem - Peter Brabeck, the chief executive, for Nestle uses the approach—when you aren’t growing, you are dying—in how he runs the company. For the past 30 years, this notion has worked for Nestle. Its shares have outperformed competitors in the Samp;P 100. Internally, a central problem for Nestle is how it plans to continue its glo bal capitalization while resisting plateaus or stagnation. Externally, Nestle’s problem is how it will keep the lead on competitors. Nestle has managed its organization around decentralization. This is the idea that globally there is no one specific taste or preference wanted by all. Instead, Nestle has made its productions more regional. This will ensure that it produces products to the wants of the local communities. This strategy has helped Nestle outperform its competitors in different regions. The problem is, companies have taken notice of this practice and are implementing similar strategies. Alternatives Alternative One Cocoa is essential to 40-50 million people’s lives worldwide. Over five million small holder farms produce it. Over the last 20 years, chocolate consumption has doubled, and in the last five years, it has increased 14 percent globally. There has been a shortage of cocoa for four consecutive years now because farmers are producing lower yields as demand continues to rise. â€Å"Many farmers struggle on small plots with aging trees that are vulnerable to disease. Economic pressures mean that farmers are focused on the short term and are not able to invest in good farm management which would help them secure better quality, higher quantity yields in the long term. This quote from Nestle. com states the most apparent reason for the cocoa shortage, which are poor resources for farmers in other countries. The shortage of cocoa has caused the prices to increase continuously. Nestle is one of the world’s biggest buyers of cocoa, and it has pioneered advanced technology in cocoa and coffee for 30 years. Several years ago Nestle created â€Å"Th e Cocoa Plan† as part of its goal of Creating Shared Value for shareholders, employees, farmers, consumers, and the communities where it operates. The plan will improve sustainability of the cocoa (and coffee) supply. This plan is a long term solution, not just a quick fix. It requires a step-by-step approach and implementation process. Over the next 10 years, Nestle will invest CHF 110 million in plant science and sustainability initiatives for cocoa. There are five activities in their implementation plan. The first activity is plant expertise. Nestle has a research and development center in Abidjan in the Cote d’Ivoire in West Africa and also gives training to plant scientists in other cocoa producing countries such as Ecuador and Indonesia. During this first activity, â€Å"The Cocoa Plan† looks to improve quantity and quality of yields by bringing 12 million plantlets to producer countries. The second activity is farmer training and assistance. This process will attempt to improve yields and to ensure sustainability by teaching better farming methods. The third is improving the supply chain. This is a commitment by Nestle to buy beans strictly from farmers who use sustainable practice and to help cooperatives by speeding up the process from farm to shipping. The fourth is better social condition that looks to improve conditions where there is poor access to healthcare and education, and child labor. Nestle is partnered with the World Cocoa Foundation and others in order to achieve these improved conditions. The fifth and last activity is consumer communication. Consumer communication utilizes a Cocoa Plan logo and a Web site dedicated to inviting consumers to learn about the cocoa supply chain and Nestle’s work with farming communities. Our alternative solution comes in at activity one, plant expertise. Nestle could supply these countries with genetically modified seeds and fertilizer, such as the products produced by Monsanto Co. , in addition to supplying producer countries with plantlets. Monsanto uses two techniques to develop seeds that meet the needs of farmers. The first type is breeding the seeds delivering superior genetics, allowing farmers to get higher yields from each seed. The second type is inserting one or more genes into the seed, which in turn protects against insects, controls weeds, and yields are preserved through the growing season. Better seeds make crops healthier and easier to grow, which then allows farmers to be more effective when producing food, feed, and fuel. The benefits of farmers’ use of these products are the following: increased productivity and reduced costs, healthier crops that are easier to grow, conserved time and inputs, and possibly the most important to producer countries—improved protection from insects or disease and increasing crop tolerance to heat, drought, and other environmental stress. Monsanto also offers conservation tillage. Conservation tillage is a protective cover of mulch over crops when they are not in season. This cover holds soil in place, minimizes runoff, and decreases erosion drastically. An advantage to implementing this strategy into â€Å"The Cocoa Plan† would be decreased cost in cocoa due to increased production. By obtaining these suppliers through this plan, Nestle would gain a competitive edge over competitors in the industry by having the best, most efficient, cocoa producers. Another advantage is that it would help to expand environmental policies such as SAIN because it will increase efficiency and productivity. It would help to overcome some of the constraints. The plan would allow Nestle to keep an accurate trail of product quality information. Nestle would know the quality of the products by contributing to the production process. It could ensure the farmers know the proper way to produce quality cocoa. It would also help with the constraint of increasing costs. By increasing production and reducing the cost of cocoa, Nestle would be reducing input costs. A disadvantage to providing producer countries with seed products is Nestle’s cost of supplying the products. Nestle has a planned budget of CHF 110 million for cocoa and would use part of this budget to purchase the products. Another disadvantage would be that the existing decrease in brand loyalty would not be improved through these methods. The cost of the product could potentially even increase slightly. The key to overcoming this issue would be to advertise and demonstrate to cocoa consumers Nestle’s efforts and attempts to positively impact less fortunate countries. Customers are attracted when businesses help communities in need and know the money they spend on a product will benefit others in need. Alternative Two Nestle currently offers an athletic/ sports nutrition line of products geared towards â€Å"smart energy† production and endurance called PowerBar. Nestle bought PowerBar on February 22, 2000, in an effort to expand its influence in the sports nutrition industry as well as show its commitment to a healthy nutritious lifestyle for its consumers. PowerBar is the largest energy and nutrition bar business in the United States. The PowerBar brand is widely distributed and a recognized name in the sports nutrition industry, but it provides a relatively low variety of products and seems to only focus on one segment of the sports nutrition market. When compared to other suppliers such as Apex and GNC, it falls short on many levels. This is because PowerBar, while being a â€Å"smart energy† source, does not provide nearly the punch that the other brands offer. The competitors in this industry offer products for people looking to jump-start, reinvigorate, or maintain their fitness routine. Its products specifically focus on high protein intake, electrolyte replenishment, and natural vitamins, amino acids, and molecular combinations geared towards rapid absorption into the body’s functions. Nestle’s PowerBar products are mainly geared towards maintaining light to medium intensity fitness regimens and recreational activity. None of its products appeal to the avid sports enthusiast/ highly athletic consumer looking to increase their performance. There are four main categories of sports products: energy/protein bars, protein shakes, electrolyte replenishing sports drinks, and daily vitamin/nutrient packs. For example, GNC and Apex provide an array of energy bars ranging from high protein, endurance, and snack bars to meal replacement, and Pro performance bars. These energy bars all provide high protein content, amino complexes and rapid absorption properties, but only some are considered all natural or organic. While all of Nestle’s PowerBar products are considered all natural, its highest protein bar has only 10 grams of protein whereas GNC’s highest protein bar has more than three times the protein with 32 grams. Nestle’s PowerBar does not provide a line of protein shakes or vitamin packs. It has a line of powder sports drinks that nutritionally compare about evenly with competitors; however, it is a powder. It is not offered pre-mixed and bottled, so it will not be found at a local convenience store like Gatorade or Powerade. The sports nutrition market has continued to increase during the recession with an estimated growth of almost 7% in 2008. This development has been accredited to people trying to avoid pricey doctor visits by staying healthy as well as turning toward sports recreation as a substitute to pricier forms of entertainment. Despite the recession GNC saw an increase of 2. 5% in the first six months of 2009. Nestle’s PowerBar is a much larger company than GNC; however, GNC is just one of the many suppliers seeing market increases in this industry. This shows that the sports nutrition market is growing, and there is definitely room for expansion and the potential to increase profits even during the recession. We propose that Nestle use its PowerBar brand to create a specialized segment of sports nutrition that focuses on all natural, organic superior training products providing the same or more benefit than the competition. This new segment would provide a whole body plan that includes supercharged vitamin packs, energy drinks, and protein shakes and bars marketed towards the GNC high intensity athlete consumer. By increasing its product diversity and appealing to a larger group of consumers, PowerBar could begin creating higher brand loyalty and capture a larger share of the market. Currently, PowerBar is a product that is found only on the shelves of distributor stores, but with this expansion, it could eventually be its own store. Consumers could go to the PowerBar wellness and nutrition store and get outfitted with everything they need for any type of athletic life style and level of performance they desire. Success in this type of product has the potential to be a â€Å"flagship line† for Nestle that could bring focus to the whole Nestle company as a leader in all natural, healthy foods. There are several disadvantages that stem from this alternative. One disadvantage is an increase in cost to expand Nestle’s line and establish its own distribution stores in hopes of the market continuing to expand and the line gaining market share. PowerBar focuses on a segmented market and expanding the product line could potentially dilute Nestle’s image resulting in loss of brand loyalty from customers. Alternative Three One of Nestle’s most popular product lines is its pet care brands. Nestle owns many common household brands such as Purina, Beneful, and Alpo. It currently operates its dog food production factories in Venezuela, Thailand, and China. Quality standards in these countries fall below that of the United States, and as a result, there have been recent recalls of dog food produced by Nestle in these particular countries. Recentralizing production by returning to factories in the United States would prevent these problems from occurring due to superior production standards. The advantages of returning to U. S. -based production would be higher quality products and less risk of product recall due to contamination. Several disadvantages present themselves if Nestle recentralizes operations: First, there will be increased costs of labor, which in turn, causes increased production costs. Second, increased costs associated with exportation of goods to foreign markets.

The Jungle Essay essays

The Jungle Essay essays Allegory of Charles I of England and Henrietta of France in a Vanitas Oil on canvas painting as done by Frenchmen by the name of Simon Renard de Saint-Andre between the years of 1669 and 1677. The main purpose in evaluating this piece of work is to be aware and describe the physical features, content and symbolization of this painting. This will undoubtedly include the complexity of painting and historical content of the painting. Allegory of Charles I of England and Henrietta of France in Vanitas has many admirable physical features. At first glance , it is a massive painting. It is much larger than other painting sand it seems to engulf the whole wall. The large bulky frame of the painting is plain until your eyes wonder to the top center of it. There is a large flat shell like protrusion surrounded by a flower and imbedded in beads giving it a slight touch of class that it did not have before. Starting from the top, are a low solemn dark atmosphere and further down the painting y ou go the mood gets lighter and more colorful. However the first thing we see at the top are four bubbles floating in the air. They are floating up from a shell. The shell is resting in the hand of a white stoned sculpted baby boy. The shell itself also holds four more bubbles . They could represent the bubble s of life. Bubbles in general reflect things, as in a mirror. Could these bubbles exemplify the life of a man? They seem to be telling us of times to come or of times past. Behind the baby are two half statures of women. They look Roman-like in appearance. These classical busts have on robes of possibly something like a toga. The statues seem to be in a darker background than the baby boy is . It could be the background or it could be that during these times the Romans were looked down upon and in this portrait they were neglected from the light as Judas was in Leonardos Last Supper. Going further down the picture, the light and the colors seem...

Organisational design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organisational design - Essay Example this paper is to assess the manner in which the business enterprises manage uncertainty in order to meet its goals and succeed against critical challenges. Herein, it is significant to note that the uncertainty in a business environment can arise in the shape of dealers, retailers, customers etc. Organizations tend to make a list of threats and weaknesses that would come in the way of business operations. Such lists are aligned with the uncertainty to manage complications. In this regard, the phenomenon to understand is complexity within the organization. It merely states the aspect or degree of complexity that a company has to face in a business environment. Business analysts claim that a lot of forces within the business environment act together and result in uncertainty (Daft et al., 2010). The best way to easily manage uncertainty is to allow each force to be evaluated on a single ground. In simpler words, business enterprises need to cater problems simultaneously. It will not only provide solutions to the problems but also avoid a lot of forces to work together and result in uncertainty. The definition of uncertainty itself explains the core function that it plays within the business environment. It is the different areas of the business that would impact the overall profits. At times, companies would not require strategies that are critical in nature because the stability of the environment is also expected since the business forces are in control (Daft et al., 2010). In addition, it is suggested that the company is relying on the elements that are predictable. In a case of uncertainty, the forces that have been trusted for many years tend to take control of the situation. Practically, it is named as the process of working with the reliance. It is important that the actors in the society that are operating with various channels and organizations are to be focused at the first place (Daft et al., 2010). Through the above analysis of the claims, it can be

Analysis of organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analysis of organization - Essay Example He calls this the 20 mile walk and gives an analogy of two people walking from one city to another separated by a three thousand mile distance. Jim Collins says that the first person goes through a journey of 20 miles per day and makes sure that despite the bad weather or any other challenge, he manages this. This first person also makes sure that even when the weather is good, the person will still only walk the twenty percent and not more. The second person on the other hand walks longer distances during good weather but slips back to rest during the bad weather. Jim Collins shows hwy the first person is likely to reach the second city faster than the second person and also easy that the second person ay never be able to reach the destination. What the author is talking about here is that the first controlled progress is very important and involves setting achievable but significant goals that must be achieved no matter what. This, as the author puts it, means that the firm has to have the ambition to achieve and the discipline to restraint itself. Controlled progress then becomes the best way to steer the firm to the right destination and therefore means t that the firs will be able to grow during the bad weather as well as the good weather. Good versus bad leadership Jim Collins also identifies leadership as a very important factor to determine how the company will grow. According to this book, leadership is very important in determining how the organization will be able to fight through the fog of economic hardship. Good leaders, he argues, will be able to help their followers to achieve better and to achieve growth regardless of the situation the economic condition. Good leaders will help those under them to have the willpower and the motivation to press on even through the bad times. They will also inspire those under them to be able to act in the professional and ethical way. This book identifies that the leaders are most able to go on and make a bi dif ference in the way the organization will be able to survive in a very harsh marketplace. Jim Collins’ revolves around the role of leadership in determining whether the organization will manage to growth during the bad times and even during the good times. He gives an illustration of how bad leadership can lead the failure of an organization. To do this, the author uses the real life example of two team that set to visit the south pole and gives and account of how the first team, led by Scott was able to arrive at the south pole over a month earlier than the second team and managed to come back safely while the other team perished. Good leadership combined with controlled growth makes organizations to be able to grow evenly regardless of the economic conditions or even regardless of the bad situation they may be going through. Jim Collins lists a number of organizations which can be seen to be able to achieve this kind of growth and those which have failed to achieve this kind of growth. One example of an organization that Jim Collins says has been able to achieve this is the Stryker Corporation which is a medium scale firm that manufactures medical equipment. Stryker Corporation was able to achieve continued growth even during the time when many other

Planning for further diversification and the sharing of good practice Assignment

Planning for further diversification and the sharing of good practice - Assignment Example y of Justice, Lord Chamber, The Attorney General, Director of Public Prosecutions, Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), The Lord Chief Justice, Legal Service Commission and the Lawyers. Similarly, the report will also analyze the structure of the judiciary in the English Legal System. Inherently, the work of the Ministry of Justice with regard to the English Legal System includes supporting the judiciary as well as providing legal aid and guidance on the constitutional reforms (Slapper, 2009). In addition, the Ministry of Justice is also responsible for ensuring that there are policies with regard to the civil, family, criminal, and administrative justice system. More importantly, this also includes the Law commission. Moreover, the ministry of justice is supposed to ensure there is adherence to the sentencing policy, as well as provide support to both the courts and the tribunals and make sure that they are fully operational. The Lord Chancellor plays a pivotal role in the English Legal System. This encompasses being a member of the government, as a cabinet minister (Elliott, 2012). Secondly, the Lord Chancellor has a law making role since he is a member of the second legislative chamber the House of Lords. The Lord Chamber also serves as the head of judiciary, together with being a sitting judge and as such the Lord Chamber has the mandate to appoint judges, or recommend judges for appointment. Under the Lord Chancellor, there are superior judges together with inferior judges. The superior judges include the Law Lords, Lords Justice of Appeal, High court Judges who sit in the House of Lords, court of Appeal and High Court respectively. Similarly, the inferior Judges include the Circuit Judges, Recorders, who are full time judges and part-time judges respectively in county court and crown court respectively (Slapper, 2009). More importantly, the District Judges are also part of inferior judges who sit in Magistrates’ Court and county court. Notably, the

Cultural Barriers in International Marketing

Cultural Barriers in International Marketing The research area of this proposal is focused on the broad area of international marketing. More specifically, the focal point of the research will be the sociocultural environment and how this has an impact on a multinational company whose ambition is to enter a new market (Hollensen, 2007). As indicated by Doole and Lowe (2008), the sociocultural factor affects the consumer and buyer behaviour, making the development of international marketing strategies inevitable. In addition, this researchs centre of attention will be the elements of culture which is a popular method of discovering cultures (Albaum Duerr, 2008). Furthermore, the layers of culture will be presented from two different perspectives as well as the relation of culture with consumer behaviour. Finally, an attempt to examine the Japanese culture will be made by reviewing the high- and low-context concept (Hall, 1960 cited in Nguyen et al., 2007: 207), and some additional models introduced by key authors. 3.3 Background Primarily, understanding ones culture before entering his market has a dual aspect. On one hand, the effectiveness of the established marketing strategies and its implementation by locals could be verified (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007), and on the other hand you familiarise with your own culture (Yamada, 1997: xvi). Furthermore, Japan is one of the most culturally homogenous countries in the world (Engel Murakami, 2001: 21), citizens of which consider their heritage valuable and indispensable (Keillor Hult, 1999). Consequently, this creates trade barriers for the multinational companies (Albaum Duerr, 2008) whose intention is to enter the Japanese market. These barriers can be eliminated by understanding the Japanese values and expectations (Engel Murakami, 2001: 20). Moreover, the ability of overcoming these barriers and cultivate relations with the target market is the fundamental stepping stone for an effective marketing strategy (Ford, 1984 cited in Lohtia et al., 2009). In order to achieve that, companies should be culturally sensitive, in other words they should acknowledge the dissimilarities between domestic and international markets and handle them effectively (Holzmuller Stottinger, 2001; LaBahn Harich, 1997; Rice ODonohue, 2002 cited in Lohtia et al., 2009: 241). However, it is difficult to achieve cultural sensitivity to Japan (Hall, 1987 cited in Lohtia et al., 2009:242), and companies that will achieve it will gain the appreciation of the Japanese consumers (Lohtia et al., 2009). 3.4 Conclusion Initially, Craig and Douglas (2006: 338) confirm that due to globalisation and the rapid change of cultures, a deeper understanding of culture is necessary. Moreover, Steenkamp (2001: 41) verifies that culture is a complex phenomenon and that many dimensions are required to be developed, so that marketers can distinguish effectively one culture from another, and thus establish the appropriate marketing strategy. In the dissertation, the researcher will try to uncover as many dimensions that capture culture as possible, focusing on the Japanese culture, hence identifying the cultural barriers. Japan was chosen as it is a high context country (Hall, 1987 cited in Lohtia et al., 2009), and subsequently the higher the context of a culture, the more effort will be needed from a company to adjust its strategy to that culture (Hollensen, 2007: 221). Literature Review 4.1 Introduction The aim of this literature review is to present definitions of international marketing that are related with Japans sociocultural environment. Additionally, a synthesis of the existing literature was conducted in order to provide a thorough description of the elements and the layers of culture, the available models that examine cultures and their implications for consumer behaviour. Moreover, the data collection was achieved by using the universitys library and ebrary database. The keywords international marketing resulted in 543 and 18.719 hits of secondary data respectively, and lastly 9 books were used. Finally, the e-library was used to obtain academic journals in order to inject scientific ideas in the research. The search engine showed 66798 results of which only 240 were available. Eventually, 10 articles were selected to be used, mainly coming from Emeralds and ScienceDirects databases. 4.2 Definitions and concepts To start with, before attempting to define culture, international marketing should be introduced. There seems to be a consensus regarding the definition of international marketing. More specifically, Doole and Lowe (2008: 6) as well as Ghauri and Cateora (2005: 8) defined it as the procedure that a companys goods and services are targeted in customers of more than one country, which seeks the maximisation of its profit. Additionally, Ghauri and Cateora (2005: 8) raised the difference between international and domestic marketing, where the latter focuses only in one nation. Furthermore, Doole and Lowe (2008: 7), and Hooley et al. (2008: 61) used the SLEPT model to identify the environmental impacts on international marketing. These are: Social/Cultural, Legal, Economic, Political and finally Technological. This proposal will focus only on the Sociocultural influences. Moreover, 160 definitions for culture have been recorded (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007), proving the significance of the role that culture plays in marketers strategy (Ghauri Cateora, 2005). Firstly, the etic approach of culture, which focuses on the contrast between two cultures (Luna Gupta, 2001: 46) was identified by Hofstede (1997) as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another (Hollensen, 2007: 216; Luna Gupta, 2001: 46). In contrast, the emic approach of culture was proposed by McCracken (1988: 73) cited in Luna and Gupta (2001: 46). He defined culture as the lens through which all phenomena are seen. It determines how these phenomena are apprehended and assimilated. Second, culture is the blueprint of human activity. It determines the coordinates of social action and productive activity, specifying the behaviours and objects that issue from both. The objective of the emic approach is to achieve a thorough comprehension of the study of culture (Luna Gupta, 2001). 4.3 The elements of culture Primarily, culture was divided into different elements to direct marketers to a deeper examination of the cultural differences between international markets (Ghauri Cateora 2005: 82). More detailed, Ghauri and Cateora (2005: 83) identified six elements of culture: Material culture, Social institutions, Aesthetics, Belief system, Education and Language. Furthermore, Albaum and Duerr (2008: 122), and Doole and Lowe (2008: 74) added Technology with Material culture, as well as Law and Politics, with the former omitting Aesthetics. Hollensen (2007: 225) included Technology to Material culture, added Manners and customs, and omitted Law and Politics. Finally, Czinkota and Ronkainen (2007:57) added Manners and Customs, and omitted Law and Politics. It is worth mentioning that all the elements will be examined thoroughly in the dissertation from the perspective of Japan. 4.4 The layers of culture The layers of culture can be a great opportunity for multinational companies to familiarise themselves with the behaviour (Hollensen, 2007), attitudes and values (Doole and Lowe, 2008) of people with different cultural backgrounds they hire (Hollensen, 2007). On one hand, Hollensen (2007: 219) indicates four layers of culture: national culture, business/ industry culture, company culture and finally individual behaviour, with each layer affecting the next one. On the other hand, a different approach was presented by Doole and Lowe (2008: 73). They portrayed the layers of culture in a national, a regional/ ethnic/ religious/ linguistic, a gender, a generation and finally a social class level. In a nutshell, companies should familiarise themselves with the characteristics of the Japanese employees, as they hardly ever quit their jobs and they are astoundingly bonded with them so as to receive a flourishing career (Engel Murakami, 2001: 29). 4.5 Culture and consumer behaviour Consumer behaviour regarding a product or a message is affected by different components of culture (Doole Lowe, 2008). Jeannet and Hennessey (2004) cited in Doole and Lowe (2008: 80) presented the procedure that consumer behaviour is affected by culture. In contrast, Hofstede (1997) cited in Luna and Gupta (2001, 47) argues that consumer behaviour is influenced by four manifestations which are: values, heroes, symbols, and rituals. Moreover, Craig and Douglas (2006) stated that customs and rituals play a significant role for Japan, in maintaining well-balanced relations among its citizens. However, Usunier (1996) cited in Holden (2004: 567), partly agrees with Hofstedes view, since he believes that consumer behaviour, which consists of consumers values, attitudes and decision making, is affected by cultural dissimilarities. Lastly, Doole and Lowe (2008: 80) identified four ideas that marketers should reflect on when using Western ideas to comprehend the foreign consumer behaviour. 4.6 Cultural analysis 4.6.1 High- and low-context cultures The model of high- and low-context cultures was defined by Edward T. Hall (1960a) as a way of understanding different cultural orientation (Hollensen, 2007: 220). As indicated by Hall (1976) cited in Nguyen et al. (2007: 207), in low-context cultures the message itself is of great importance. On the other hand, in high-context cultures, people tend to elaborate on the message to gain a deeper understanding of it (Hollensen, 2007: 220; Doole Lowe, 2008: 86). As argued by Hollensen (2007), the Japanese have the highest context culture, while the Swiss have the lowest. 4.6.2 Hofstedes model To begin with, Hofstedes dimensions should be taken into consideration when marketers construct their marketing strategy (Hollensen, 2007: 228). Ghauri and Cateora (2005), as well as Hollensen (2007) mention four dimensions of culture; distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism and masculinity, while Hofstede adds long-term orientation (Hofstede, 2009). The importance of these results is due to cultural dimensions illustrating the traits of a country (Rivera-Vazquez et al., 2009). Consequently, the results for Japan are intended to be used for the dissertation. Lastly, strengths and weaknesses of this model were introduced by Hollensen (2007: 229). 4.6.3 Schwartzs model An alternative framework was created by Schwartz (1994) cited in Steenkamp (2001). He mentions three dimensions through which he will provide answers to his societal topics: conservatism versus autonomy, hierarchy versus egalitarianism and labelled mastery or labelled harmony (Steenkamp, 2001: 32). 4.6.4 Alternative models Primarily, Keegan (2004: 14) supports that the focus on marketing changes and that concepts need updating regularly. Based on this idea, Holden (2004: 570) disapproves the reliance on Hofstedes model, while suggesting an approach to culture from a different perspective. Finally, an alternative model for approaching Asian cultures was introduced by Fang (1999), cited in Fletcher and Flang (2006: 438). 4.7 Conclusion Primarily, although there is a large amount of literature concerning international marketing and culture, there seems to be some disagreements between authors, as well as some omissions by others. For instance, Hollensen (2007) supports that it is inevitable to examine cultures without referring to Hofstedes cultural dimensions. On the other hand, Holden (2004) criticises the validity of Hofstedes model. As a result, the researcher will try to compare and contrast the models that have been developed for gaining knowledge of the differences amongst cultures. Methodology 5.1 Introduction The approach that was developed in order to accomplish the objectives was based on desk research. More specifically, the researcher utilised existing written material such as books, e-books, and some scientific journals (Gummesson, 2000: 35). Finally, the World Wide Web (Internet) will be used to obtain the empirical results regarding the cultural dimensions of Japan suggested by the key author Hofstede. The qualitative research method is going to be used. Primarily, the researcher uses secondary analysis which is a qualitative method (Bryman Bell, 2007: 326). Secondly the thesis of other writers will be introduced, instead of the researchers own opinion (Bryman Bell, 2007: 425). Additionally, of great importance should be the fact that the use of mixed methods -both qualitative and quantitative- was avoided because these methods are two different paradigms (Bryman Bell, 2007: 642). Finally, concerning the relationship between theory and research (Bryman Bell, 2007: 11), the inductive theory (Bryman Bell, 2007) was used. Although Fisher (2007: 322) argues that a combination of inductive and deductive method can be employed, only the inductive method was used for this proposal. This can be justified by the fact that the researcher moves from observations, which is the aim of the proposal, to the general which is the theory (Bryman Bell, 2007: 14). 5.2 Desk Research To start with, the only method that was used in order to obtain data for this proposal was desk research. Although Gummesson (2000: 34) argues that knowledge coming from secondary sources is limited, Bryman and Bell (2007: 328) believe that secondary analysis provides the researcher with high quality data. Additionally, it is more cost-effective in a way that secondary data are easier to interpret than primary (Bryman Bell, 2007: 333). Moreover, part of the secondary data collected came from scientific journals. The researcher focused on journals that were related to culture and cultural barriers. The journals that were used came from: The International Marketing Review The Journal of Product Brand Management The European Journal of Marketing The International Business Review The Journal of Knowledge Management Finally, text books were used in an attempt to achieve a deeper understanding of the theory related to international marketing and culture. Some of those used are: International Marketing Strategy by Isobel Doole and Robin Lowe International Marketing by Ghauri and Cateora Global Marketing by Svend Hollensen Passport to Japan by Engel and Murakami 5.3 Alternative Methods Ideally, the researcher could have used alternative methods to complement the validity of material found (Gummesson, 2000: 35). These methods could be: case studies, questionnaires and qualitative interviews (Gummesson, 2000: 35). Primarily, the researcher could have used existing case studies in this proposal to support the data found from existing theory (Bryman Bell, 2007). Unfortunately, word limit prevented him from including material found, as more theoretical findings were included to help readers gain basic knowledge on international marketing and culture. However, it is unquestionably that in the dissertation the researcher will use existing case studies. Finally, the researcher could conduct a case study by approaching a multinational company which maintains its operations in Japan. More specifically, the use of questionnaires or qualitative interviews would have helped the researcher gain an insider perspective (Bryman Bell, 2007: 443) of the marketing strategy that a company deploys in Japan. Unfortunately, the difficulty of approaching a company and accessing its confidential data prevented the researcher from implementing it. However, it is worth mentioning that the researcher has not had the chance to meet his supervisor. Consequently, the research methods could possibly change with the intention of writing a high-quality masters dissertation. Ethical issues There are no ethical issues concerning this proposal since only desk research was conducted. To be more specific, there was no distortion of data and every secondary source has been acknowledged by in-text references and a reference list, adhering to the rules of Aston Business School on plagiarism. Last but not least, copyrights of published books, articles and journals were respected. Task List Tasks Problems Solutions Search and obtain existing literature on theory and concepts of culture in books and e-books Limited searching skills, due to restricted previous experience Received advice from professors as well as from library staff on effective research techniques Search and obtain existing literature from scientific journals Not all journal articles are available in full text in the Aston e-library and many of those available were not completely relevant to the topic of the proposal Methodical and detailed research for alternative articles Select the most relevant articles Time consuming Skim and scan the articles found Obtain text books from the Aston library that are related to differences across different cultures Not all books are available in the Aston library Obtained e-books from ebrary of Aston University Obtain results from empirical studies regarding the culture of Japan Not all data is available in text books Access World Wide Web (Internet) to obtain the information needed Write the assignment Limited previous experience Guidance on the structure of the assignment via lecture notes and slides Conduct an effective literature review Limited previous experience Guidance provided through lecture notes and slides Combine information provided from different books, producing a uniform text Large amount of information from secondary data sources available Skim and scan all secondary data sources to combine all information provided and highlight any omissions observed in the literature Use case studies of different multinational companies that examine similar problems Word limit Not covered by the proposal but will be covered in the dissertation Proof-read and edit the assignment before submission Possible mistakes or omissions Thorough reading and correction of mistakes

Essay --

My topic that I have chosen is the Casablanca Conference . This conference basically changed a lot of things during WWII. The Conference was held in the year of 1943 January 14 – January 24, also it was held in Morocco, Casablanca. The conference was decided to be held in Casablanca, Morocco because it was the safest place and closest for all the allies to meet together. Morocco welcomed the allies because they wanted the war to end as bad as anyone. Some countries loved the war because even though it might kill your population a war would bring money into your country because all of the trade going on. The allies consisted of leaders of the allied countries, the countries were United States of America, Great Britain, Soviet Union and some undocumented allies. United States had the President Franklin D. Roosevelt and some commanding generals at the time come and represent the U.S . Great Britain had Winston Churchill the Prime minister of Great Britain. The soviet’ s president could not make the conference because he had to help at his Front line in Soviet. They were in-between...